The environmental impact generated due to the operation of C&D waste recycling facility was reported to be negligible in most of the papers. 7 0 obj %���� In developed countries, poor awareness of societies on plastic materials, poor collection of waste materials and their treatments, high run-off and floods due to rain are important pointed sources of plastic materials, namely plastic bags and water bottles, from/to the environment (agricultural farmlands, surface waters) which undermines soil and water qualities and threatens human and … endobj 5 0 obj The Grantham Institute Briefing Paper No 19. It also emits toxic gasses when exposed or heated up. /CropBox [0 0 595.3800048828 841.9799804688] of plastic waste generation and management within the overall waste management system in the country or city, (ii) engage all relevant stakeholders for developing the plastic waste management strategy and its implementation, (iii) identify alternative actions and sustainable Client: Norwegian Environment Agency Project: Sources of microplastic pollution to the marine environment 1/86 1. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0111913; 7. source reduction and reuse both result in the prevention of waste in the first place, the amount of waste which must composted, recycled, landfilled, etc. /Group 15 0 R Nature. Mechanical recycling of post-use plastics into new products can conserve resources and reduce energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. This paper therefore seeks to identify favorable methods for recycling plastic wastes in Nigeria as a tool for solution to diversification and implementation. 2017.Grosbeeren ISBN 978-3-86928-159-9, The Grantham Institute Briefing Paper No 19. They can come from a variety of land and ocean-based sources; enter the water in many ways; and impact the ocean and Great Lakes. Sebille, et al. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.02. /Filter /FlateDecode Geographically, the five heaviest plastic polluters are P.R. endobj << This paper therefore seeks to identify methods favorable for recycling plastic wastes in Nigeria as a tool for solution to diversification and for implementation. • Wetlands. Disposal of C&D waste leads to faster depletion of available landfill space. Where does plastic come from? Many of these are ‘priority pollutants’, ocean; viii) ban of microbeads in personal care. Recycling of C&D waste has been recommended as a sustainable alternative to landfilling, and large benefits emerge from savings in valuable land space. Sources of plastic debris 2.1. Plastic waste is ubiquitous and is reported from the Arctic to Antarctic, from the surface to sediment. endobj Management Sources of Plastic Waste: Plastic waste can be mainly classified as: (1)Municipal Waste (2)Industrial Waste Plastic wastes represent a considerable part of municipal wastes, while huge amounts of plastic waste arise as a byproduct in industry and agriculture Of the total plastic waste, over 78 wt% of this total corresponds to thermoplastics and the remaining to thermosets /Parent 2 0 R Reclamation systems differ from country to country and may even be different regionally. /Group 24 0 R China, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam and Sri Lanka, which between them contribute 56% of global plastic waste. Evidence based examples are illustrated in the article with viable solution recommended for implementation. 2014. Nigeria, which is the biggest oil exporting country in Africa, relies mainly on the proceeds of the oil trade for its GDP and based strategy in growing her economy. India pledges to combat plastic pollution as part of the World Environment Day, 2018. Attachment of water species by plastic debris can cause starvation, suffocation, laceration, infection, reproduction, reduced success, and mortality, ... Till date more than 300 million tonnes of plastic has been synthesized worldwide. << /StructParents 20 A composite is a material of superior quality arising from the combination of two or more other component materials whose properties are not separately satisfactory for a task. Sixteen of the top 20 mismanaged plastic waste producers are low, (PET). The major land-based sources are Illegal The trend of dumping plastic garbage into the marine ecosystem, jeopardize the survival of enormous species because of infections with plastic scraps. Note: t/d = tonnes per day . Marine Pollution Bulletin. >> M. Schlummer, in Polymer Green Flame Retardants, 2014. PCBs and chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides such as DDTs and HCHs (BHCs) were measured in air, water, ice and snow samples collected around the Japanese research stations in Antarctica and adjacent oceans during December 1980 to March 1982. Emerging three-dimensional printing technology that uses plastic materials may save human lives by enabling medical innovation. Sussarellu, R. 2016. Plastic pollution is ubiquitous throughout the marine environment, yet estimates of the global abundance and weight of floating plastics have lacked data, particularly from the Southern Hemisphere and remote regions. 6 0 obj rity (agriculture, livestock, fisheries/seafood), health security (human and other biota), environmental security (ecosystems and biodiversity) and social security (gender, livelihoods, poor/marginalised/socially isolated people). In high-rise buildings the waste is picked up by the building maintenance personnel, or special vertical chutes are provided to deliver the waste to a central location for storage, processing, or resource recovery. Hence, waste reduction of this type is given the highest priority in solid waste management plans, because it reduces the demand placed on the management system. /BS 26 0 R Phase out of plastic bags around the world via banning, taxing or both [2; https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Plastic_bag_legislation.svg] Ban: Argentina (2012); Australia (SA, ACT, TAS); Bangladesh (2002); Canada (2007); China (2008); Eretria (2005); India (2005); Italy (2013); Kenya (2007); Mauritania (2013); Morocco (2016); Myanmar (2011); Papua New Guinea (2016); Puerto Rico (2016); Rwanda (2008); South Africa (2003); Taiwan (2003); Tanzania (2006); Uganda (2007), USA (2007); Levy (tax on plastic bags): Botswana (2007); Canada (2012); China (2008); Denmark (1994); Germany (1991); Hong Kong (2009); Israel (2016); England (2015); Kenya (2011); Ireland (2009); Malaysia (2011); Netherlands (2016); Scotland (2014); Uganda (2007); USA (2016); Wales (2011); Partial tax or ban, All figure content in this area was uploaded by Golam Kibria, All content in this area was uploaded by Golam Kibria on Sep 01, 2017, for 73% of litter in any aquatic habitat (4), Figure 1. Plastics can be either found in natural substances or may be man-made. /Tabs /S Again in 2014, altho ugh more than 65% of all packaging waste was recycled in the EU, less than 40% of plastic packaging waste was recycled. They save fuel and reduce carbon dioxide emissions by providing light materials for cars and airplanes. The widespread occurrence and accumulation of plastic waste in the environment have become a growing global concern over the past decade. This article demonstrates that a simple behaviour change programme can help achieve significant sustainability in our day to day life. see the weblink: https://sites.google.com/site/pollutionwqbangladesh/, gas (GHG) emissions, reduce vulnerabilities of climate change impacts on social, economic, environmental sectors/assets and integrate/incorporate climate change as a risk in development programmes. This suggests that snow and ice serve as media of supply of these pollutants into Antarctic marine environment. endobj endobj India generates around 56 lakh tonnes of plastic waste annually and Delhi being the highest generator of plastic waste in India accounts for 9,600 mt per day among the top ten cities, followed by Chennai, Kolkata, Mumbai, Bangalore and few others. Critical gaps between the legislations framed and their enforcement are identified. >> Once in the water, plastic debris never fully biodegrades. plastic waste through source reduction—the process of minimizing the amount of plastic used. 409, 3309–3324; 9. Because of the non-biodegradable nature, plastic causes many negative and hazardous impacts on the ecosystem and environment. Creating public awareness regarding the healthy environment, managing wastes, alternative disposal methods, establishing the incineration mechanisms, and drop-off-areas facilities for plastic recycling also recommended to ensure a healthy environment. 1. /Tabs /S This is our main data entry on plastics, with a particular focus on its pollution of the environment. Garbage is mainly considered as a solid waste that includes wastes from our houses (domestic waste), wastes from schools, offices, etc (municipal wastes) and wastes from industries and factories (industrial wastes). Land-based debris. Plastic are the most affordable and easily available items in … • Food waste Mismanaged plastic waste in top 20, dumps or open, uncontrolled landfills, where it is not fully contained). 1 0 obj Our results demonstrate that microplastic particles operate both chemically and physically on larval fish performance and development. endobj This statistic displays the sources of plastic waste in the United Kingdom (UK) from 2018 to 2013, by sector. /Parent 2 0 R 3 0 obj The environmental performance of C&D waste management needs to be analysed from a life cycle perspective to identify better waste management principles. Global plastic production by industrial sector, 2015 4 Figure 1.3. /Resources 13 0 R This toolkit is made up of four distinct steps. Plastic Bags (11.18%) The intrinsic evil of plastic bags is largely known by now, as reusables have … /Type /Catalog plastic bags are generally used when curb service is provided and the homeowner is responsible for placing the bags along the curb. /Rotate 0 LCA case studies were found to vary widely on several categories, and we inferred that they could be compared by selecting normalized unit processes in the system boundaries, functional unit, inventory data sources and impact categories. MSW is a heterogeneous mixture of a wide variety of materials like fibre, plastics, papers, wood material, food remnants, and so on. These are also called e-waste, e-scrap, or waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). Waste Act of 1990, which set a goal of diverting 25% of New Mexico’s municipal solid waste from landfills by 1995 and 50% by July 1, 2000. Golam Kibria reported that China ranks first among the top 20 countries in the world which mismanage plastic wastes and India ranks 12th among them, Bergmann et al. /Tabs /S /F 4 biodiversity, vi) effects of plastic additives; vii) global marine plastic pollution “hot spots” and viii) adsorption of organic and inorganic chemicals by different types of plastic; viii) factors related to adsorption of contaminants by plastics ix) innovative solutions to mitigate the plastic pollution across the globe. Plastics are essential and ubiquitous materials in our daily lives and address numerous societal challenges. The main land- based sources of marine plastic waste include storm water discharge, combined sewer overflows, tourism related litter, illegal dumping, industrial activities e.g. /BS 30 0 R • Low-Carbon Homes Chlorinated hydrocarbons were also detected in snow, ice, lake water and sea water samples, in which rather high concentrations were found in snow and ice samples. It blocks drainage lines and fill up land space causing floods and erosion thereby causing deterioration of the Nigerian roads. This report is taken from the Fishing News Ltd. publication, 'Marine Pollution and Sea Life'. /MediaBox [0 0 595.3800048828 841.9799804688] Land-based sources of plastic debris contribute 80% of the plastic debris in the marine environment, with densely populated or industrialised areas being the major sources due to littering, plastic bag usage and solid waste disposal, for example (Derraik, 2002). The study investigated plastic waste management practices in the rural households of the Kingdom of Eswatiniusing Zikhotheni and Zombodze Emuva communities as case study sites. << plastic resin pellets, losses from accidents and transport, and blowing from landfill sites (Allsopp et al., 2006). << >> /Count 5 • Endocrine disputing chemicals Plastics wastes are also harmful to human health; they may contain harmful acids which may lead to death. is reduced. Evaluation of the data demonstrated significant geographical differences in both level and, Join ResearchGate to discover and stay up-to-date with the latest research from leading experts in, Access scientific knowledge from anywhere. Electronic sources of waste. /Length 32 0 R %PDF-1.4 • Sustainable Development Goals There is no evidence that seals in good condition are affected by these residues, but when fat is mobilized the higher residue concentrations which are produced in the remaining lipids could have a detrimental physiological effect. 544: 297; 5. The plastic Ocean. • Climate-Smart Aquaculture Plastic waste is ubiquitous and is reported from the Arctic to Antarctic, from the surface to sediment. General summary Microplastic is plastic fragments smaller than 5 millimeters. • Climate-Smart Agriculture A questionnaire (supplemented with an observation matrix) was used to collectdata from the sampled population. /Annots [8 0 R 9 0 R 10 0 R] Domestic Waste: Domestic waste is generated due to various household activities. Classification of the types of plastic generated and measurements of theamount of plastic waste produced per household were performed for two consecutive months (December 2018and January 2019). pattern of the contaminants analyzed, thus giving an insight into the global distribution of organochlorine pollution. The management of plastic waste is to be planned in such a manner that the plastic waste generated from various sources is suitably taken care of. /Kids [3 0 R 4 0 R 5 0 R 6 0 R 7 0 R] PLOS One. Simon, N and Schulte, M.L. << /Contents 11 0 R The article briefly discusses the threats of plastic pollution to biodiversity and economy, plastic waste is a carrier of ‘priority pollutants’ (DDT, PCB) and possible measures to reduce threats and risks of plastic pollution. >> /BS 28 0 R /Rotate 0 • Sustainable energy 9 0 obj It is estimated that out of the 8.3 billion metric tons of plastic produced globally as on date, 6.3 billion metric tons ends up as trash, whereas only 9% is recycled, 12% is incinerated and the rest 79% is accumulated in landfills. Postconsumer plastic waste is reclaimed by specific collection systems after a product's use phase. Wastes in Nigeria as a tool for solution to diversification and for implementation however, some plastics are recycled. Buildings is on the topic studies have investigated the ecological effects of plastic waste totals to 4.9 tonnes... In the plastics industry 1950 - 2015 5 Figure 1.6 faster depletion of available landfill.... 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